The Center for Biblical and Theological Foundations

Old Testament
New Testament
Historical Studies
Theological Studies

Through teaching and mentoring, faculty members in the Center for Biblical and Theological Foundations seek to lead students to mature understanding of the Bible and the Christian worldview. The goal is that each student will know God’s Word, reflect on its teaching theologically, and apply it appropriately. Knowing the Bible includes not just learning its content, but developing good skills of Bible interpretation, in many cases including the use of biblical languages. Reflecting theologically means not only learning historical and theological ideas, but gaining skills of critical and reflective thought. And application means allowing Christian truth to shape experiences of spiritual growth, both individually and communally, and finding points of integration by which the Christian worldview controls the practices of ministry and leadership.

The Center for Biblical and Theological Foundations includes work in the disciplines of Old Testament, New Testament, history, and theology. The biblical disciplines include Hebrew and Greek language and interpretation. In history and theology, a student will find courses in church history, historical theology, systematic theology, philosophy of religion, and theological ethics. This area supports study in Christian thought, which at Bethel involves an integrative process of learning in apologetics, philosophy of religion, and theology.

Old Testament

Paul W. Ferris Jr.
David M. Howard Jr.
Peter Vogt
Daniel Watson

Old Testament study is the disciplined examination of the Hebrew Bible. Work in Old Testament uses tools like Hebrew language, historical background, archeological data, and cultural insight so that students of God’s Word can enter into the social context where God first inspired humans to write the Bible. A primary goal of study in the Old Testament is enabling students to use these tools so they can accurately uncover the meaning of God’s self-expression. Engagement with the Old Testament provides understanding that Christians will synthesize into a comprehensive and captivating Christian worldview. Study of the Old Testament also encourages readers to see their own lives as part of the great story of God’s dealing with His creation. So academic Bible study is not just an end in itself, but leads to another goal, giving fuel to spiritual life and guidance for transformational ministry.

Objectives:

Study in Old Testament enables students to:

develop skills of disciplined Bible study, especially in the Old Testament;
understand the geographical, historical, and cultural contexts that form the background of the Old Testament and its books;
acquire a sequential knowledge of the major themes of the Hebrew Bible;
understand how the wisdom of the Old Testament shapes Christian living and ministry; and
find inspiration and clear direction for passionate devotion to Christ and transformational service to His church and to the world.

1. Basic Studies

BI502 (BI102) • Linguistics and Biblical Interpretation.
An exploration of the nature and significance of language in relation to biblical and theological studies. Topics will include discourse and narrative analysis, the nature of grammar and syntax, word meanings, and social/ cultural aspects of language. The course will also include an examination of the nature and philosophy of contemporary Bible translations. San Diego only. Four hours.

BT501/BI501 (BT101/BI101) • Hermeneutics.
An introduction to the relationship of writer, text, and reader in the interpretation process (philosophical hermeneutics) and to methods for studying the Bible (exegesis). Students will gain practical skill in interpreting the primary literary genres of Scripture. This course should be taken as soon as possible after entering seminary. Four hours.

BT/BI501 is a prerequisite for all advanced courses in Old Testament in St. Paul.

BT/BI501 is a recommended prerequisite for all advanced courses in Old Testament in San Diego and Seminary of the East.

The sequence of core courses (OT501, OT502, and OT503; or OT551, OT552, and OT553) is designed to give students a general understanding of:

the nature of the Old Testament literature;
the content of the Old Testament;
contemporary approaches to the Old Testament; and
the relevance of the message of the Old Testament for today.

Students enrolled in the Greek/Hebrew language track will normally commence the sequence of Old Testament language courses in the fall quarter of their second year. Students will then commence the Old Testament courses after they have completed one year of Hebrew.

OT501 (OT101) • Genesis-Ruth.
An examination of the books of Genesis through Ruth, including the contents, major themes, and theological messages of each. Special emphasis is placed on the nature and significance of God’s promises and covenants with His people. Special attention also is given to legitimate ways of reading the Bible. This involves understanding the particular qualities of narrative literature and of Old Testament law, and developing a valid hermeneutic for interpreting them. Prerequisite or concurrent enrollment: BT501/BI501. Four hours.

OT502 • 1 Samuel-Song of Songs.
An examination of the books of 1 Samuel through Song of Songs, including the contents, major themes, and theological messages of each. Special emphasis is placed on the human and divine dimensions of the kingdom of God, as well as continuity of themes with earlier Scriptures. Special attention also is given to legitimate ways of reading the Bible. This involves understanding the particular qualities of Hebrew poetic and wisdom texts, and developing a valid hermeneutic for interpreting them. Exposure to proper methods of interpreting Old Testament narrative texts is presupposed. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501 and OT501. Prerequisite OT501 does not apply to San Diego or BSOE. Four hours.

OT503 (OT103) • Isaiah-Malachi.
An investigation into Israel’s prophetic literature. While students are introduced to recent scholarship on this material, the primary emphasis will be on the persuasive nature of Hebrew prophecy and the content and theology of the prophetic books. This course also includes a review of selected issues of Bible introduction. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501, OT501, and OT502. Prerequisites OT501 and OT502 do not apply to San Diego or BSOE. (Note: OT502 not required for some degree programs.) Four hours.

OT521 (OT108) • Hebrew Language I.
The basic elements of biblical Hebrew are studied. Four hours.

OT522 (OT109) • Hebrew Language II.
A continuation of Hebrew Language I, focusing on the strong verb. Prerequisite: OT521. Four hours.

OT531 (OT110) • Intermediate Hebrew Grammar.
A review and expansion of first-year morphology and syntax, with translation of selected passages and continued vocabulary building. Special attention is given to syntax, textual criticism, and translation techniques. Prerequisite: OT522.

OT551 (OT111) • Genesis-Ruth (Hebrew).
An examination of the books of Genesis through Ruth, including the contents, major themes, and theological messages of each. Special emphasis is placed on the nature and significance of God’s promises and covenants with His people. Special attention also is given to legitimate ways of reading the Bible. This involves understanding the particular qualities of narrative literature and of Old Testament law, and developing a valid hermeneutic for interpreting them. Students will build on their Hebrew knowledge and exegetical skills. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501 and Hebrew Language sequence (OT521-522). Prerequisite does not apply to BSOE. Four hours.

OT552 (OT112) • 1 Samuel-Song of Songs (Hebrew).
An examination of the books of 1 Samuel through Song of Songs, including the contents, major themes, and theological messages of each. Special emphasis is placed on the human and divine dimensions of the kingdom of God, as well as continuity of themes with earlier Scriptures. Special attention also is given to legitimate ways of reading the Bible. This involves understanding the particular qualities of Hebrew poetic and wisdom texts, and developing a valid hermeneutic for interpreting them. Exposure to proper methods of interpreting Old Testament narrative texts is presupposed. Students will build on their Hebrew knowledge and exegetical skills. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501, OT551, and Hebrew Language sequence. Prerequisite does not apply to BSOE. Four hours.

OT553 (OT113) • Isaiah-Malachi (Hebrew).
An investigation into Israel’s prophetic literature. While students are introduced to recent scholarship on this material, the primary emphasis will be on the persuasive nature of Hebrew prophecy and the content and theology of the prophetic books. Students will build on their Hebrew knowledge and exegetical skills. This course also includes a review of selected issues of Bible introduction. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501, OT551, OT552, and Hebrew language sequence. (Note: OT552 is not required for some degree programs.) Prerequisite does not apply to BSOE. Four hours.

OT554 (OT114SE) • Psalms and Wisdom.
This course is designed to introduce the student to the beauty and power of Hebrew poetry as it presents itself in the book of Psalms and the wisdom books. It will provide a general literary and theological overview of these books, as well as in-depth studies of certain key sections of the Psalter, especially with regard to how the ancient poets used literary form to enhance theological meaning. Essential to this class is its attempt to probe the profundity of spiritual experience expressed in these books. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

OT640 (OT115) • Hebrew Bible Readings.
For San Diego students, this course is an introduction to the principles and methodology of Old Testament exegesis through the systematic study of a biblical book in the Hebrew text. Attention will be given to essential issues such as textual criticism, historical background, literary genre and structure, and the contribution of synthesized exegesis to the development of biblical theology. The biblical book studied may vary from year to year. San Diego prerequisite: OT531. Four hours.

OT641• Hebrew Exegesis: Prophets.
Hebrew Exegesis is designed to build on the Hebrew Language course sequence. Its goal is to amplify the benefits of learning and using biblical Hebrew by enhancing one’s vocabulary and understanding of Hebrew syntax. The course provides practice of principles and methods of interpreting the Hebrew Bible. The focus is on exposition with an aim to apply the meaning of the text to personal spiritual development, doing “real-time” theology, teaching and preaching. Prerequisite: OT521, OT522 and OT531. Four hours.

2. Advanced Studies

In St. Paul, OT501 is prerequisite for all advanced OT courses.

OT601 (OT211) • Exposition of Genesis.
An investigation into the book of Genesis, with special emphasis on the nature and theology of Israel’s primeval history, and the patriarchal narratives. Emphasis will also be placed on the theological and homiletical value of selected texts. Four hours.

OT602 (OT212) • Exposition of Exodus.
An investigation into Israel’s literary traditions of the nation’s exodus from Egypt. The focus will be on the nature and theology of the deliverance narratives and on the Sinaitic revelation. Emphasis also will be placed on the significance of this revelation in Israelite history and theology, as well as its relevance for today. Four hours.

OT603 (OT214) • Exposition of Deuteronomy.
An investigation into the literary form and theology of the book of Deuteronomy. Emphasis will be placed on the nature of covenant relationship and the significance of the book of Deuteronomy in Israelite and Christian tradition. Four hours.

OT605 (OT222) • Exposition of the Book of Judges.
An investigation into the book of Judges as a representative sample of Deuteronomistic historiography. Emphasis will be placed on the literary nature of the book, its distinctive message, and its relevance for the church today. Four hours.

OT609 (OT227) • Exposition of Ezra and Nehemiah.
The postexilic period contains a rich story of the struggles of a small community of believers against a loss of ethnic and religious identity, political persecution, and economic failure. Through the stirring of God’s Spirit, bold new steps were taken to preserve the faith and solidarity of the covenant people. Four hours.

OT610 (OT231) • Exposition of the Book of Job.
An investigation into the special literary qualities and message of the book of Job. Emphasis will be placed on the contribution made by this book to a biblical understanding of grief and suffering, and how God’s sovereignty, justice, and wisdom are related to human behavior. The pastoral implications of its message for today will be explored. Four hours.

OT611 (OT232) • Exposition of the Book of Psalms.
A study of the prayers for God’s help in times of trouble, hymns of praise to worship God the King, and the nation’s hopes for the future coming of the Messianic Son of David. Four hours.

OT612 (OT233) • Exposition of the Book of Proverbs.
An introduction to the setting of the book of Proverbs in the wisdom milieu of the ancient Near East. Each section of the book will be mined for the practical wisdom it provides. Application will be made to our contemporary experience and ministry. Four hours.

OT613 (OT240) • Exposition of Isaiah.
A study of Isaiah’s call for Judah to trust God, the great King and Savior of the nation. God will judge all proud nations, forgive the people’s sin through the death of the suffering servant, and establish His eternal kingdom. Four hours.

OT614 (OT241) • Exposition of Jeremiah.
A seminar on Jeremiah’s doubts about his call, his powerful preaching of judgment and hope, his agony and lamentations concerning repeated threats and persecutions, and his commitment to unveil the deceptive message of the religious leaders of his day. Four hours.

OT615 (OT243) • Exposition of Ezekiel.
A study of the ministry and message of Ezekiel, paying particular attention to his understanding of his audience, his response to the conditions of his audience, and his method of communicating his message. Four hours.

OT616 (OT244) • Exposition of Daniel.
An analysis of the visions and stories in Daniel to understand how the sovereign rule of God over the world brings hope to Babylonians as well as Israelite exiles who wait for His future kingdom amidst persecution. Four hours.

OT618 (OT253) • Exposition of Amos.
A detailed study of the text, structure, and background of Amos’ critique of social oppression against the poor, false expectations of blessing by the rich, and empty ritual at Israelite places of worship. Four hours.

OT620 (OT256) • Exposition of Micah.
An analysis of the message of the prophet Micah with special emphasis on the methods used to persuade his audience to transform their view of reality. Four hours.

OT700 (OT235) • Exposition of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs.
An investigation into the role of wisdom in Israelite society and the distinctive nature of Israelite wisdom literature. Special emphasis will be placed on the ancient Near Eastern cultural environment from which this material arose, as well as the relevance of Israelite wisdom in developing a biblical ethic for today. Four hours.

OT707 (OT261) • Literary Backgrounds to the Old Testament.
An examination of the ancient Near Eastern cultural background to the Old Testament. Special emphasis will be placed on the relationship between literary forms and motifs inside and outside the Old Testament. Four hours.

OT710 (OT264) • Historical Geography and Archaeology.
An understanding of the time, place, and culture in which God’s revelation was delivered. Topics covered include regional aspects of the land of the Bible, the relationship of humans to their environment, the concept of “place” and its effects, and the theological concept of “land.” Four hours.

OT716 (OT213) • Old Testament Theology.
A discussion of various theological perspectives on such prominent themes in the Old Testament revelation as creation, anthropology, sin, covenant, sacrifice, and law. Cross-listed with BT716. Four hours.

OT751 (OT260) • Seminar in Old Testament.
Discussion of problems currently being raised by Old Testament research with extended reading in relevant contemporary literature. Topics of investigation are determined on the basis of student need and interest. Prerequisite: permission of the professor. Four hours.

OT670 (OT270) • Independent Study in Old Testament.
Research and study by arrangement with the professor. (Permission is required.)

3. Advances Courses in Biblical Theology

BT631 (BT211) • History of Interpretation.
Minor attention will be given to the schools and movements from the Apostolic Age to the middle of the 19th century, with major concentration on the schools and movements from the middle of the late 19th century to the present day. Offered according to demand. Four hours.

BT750 (BT212) • Seminar in Biblical Theology: Old Testament.
Discussion of major themes currently being debated as the result of recent resurgent interest in the biblical theology of the Old Testament. Four hours.

BT716 (BT213) • Old Testament Theology.
A discussion of various theological perspectives on such prominent themes in the Old Testament revelation as creation, anthropology, sin, covenant, sacrifice, and law. Cross-listed with OT716. Four hours.

New Testament

Jeannine Brown
Thorsten Moritz
Dan Gurtner
Mark Strauss
Brian Labosier

Study in New Testament is the disciplined exploration of God’s revelation to the church. By using tools like Greek language, historical background, and cultural insight, students of God’s Word can enter into the social milieu of the first Christian century. A primary goal of study in the New Testament is developing students’ ability to use all available tools so that they can accurately discover the meaning of God’s self-revelation. Interacting with the New Testament creates the knowledge base that a believer uses when building a comprehensive Christian worldview. It must also invite readers to see their own lives as part of the great mission of God to call out a people for His own name. Thus, academic study of the Bible is not an end in itself, but points beyond itself, stimulating spiritual life and shaping all transformational ministry.

Objectives:
Study in New Testament enables students to:

develop skills of disciplined Bible study, including reading the New Testament;
understand the historical contexts of the New Testament and its books;
understand major themes of the Bible written by the church;
understand how the wisdom of the New Testament shapes Christian living and ministry; and
find inspiration and clear direction for passionate devotion to Christ and transformational service to His church and to the world.

1. Basic Studies

BT/BI501 is a prerequisite for all advanced courses in New Testament in St. Paul.

BT/BI501 is a recommended prerequisite for all advanced courses in New Testament in San Diego and Seminary of the East.

NT521, NT522 (NT108, NT109) • Introduction to the Greek Language.
Presentation of fundamentals pertaining to the Greek verb, noun, and clause with respect to forms and simple relationship (syntax). Reading and understanding of materials with elementary vocabulary. Equivalent to a year of undergraduate Greek. Auditing is allowed with permission; see page 92. Eight hours.

2. Introduction to Exegesis

The first task of exegesis is to understand what the writer actually said in the language and the setting of his day. This means that the student needs to become acquainted with the grammatical, lexical, textual, literary, and historical aspects of the biblical text, and needs to know and use the various exegetical aids that are available.

NT501 (NT101) • The Gospels.
An introduction to the reading of the individual Gospels within their first-century contexts. The goal of this course is to develop the student’s capacity to articulate the point of a Gospel text in the context of the completed narrative and with sensitivity to the author’s conceptual framework. Prerequisite: BT501/BI501. Four hours.

NT502 (NT102) • Acts and Pauline Letters.
The Acts of the Apostles and the Pauline letters will be surveyed, and there will be an examination of introductory issues pertaining to this literature. The focus of the course will be on English exegesis from selected passages of Acts and the Pauline letters. Prerequisite: BT501/BI501. San Diego recommended prerequisite: NT501. Four hours.

NT503 (NT103) • Hebrews through Revelation.
A consideration of historical and critical problems, a survey of contents, and exposition of selected passages. Prerequisite: BT501/BI501; In San Diego recommended prerequisites: NT501 and NT502. Four hours.

NT511 (NT101SE) • The Gospels.
An exploration of the radical nature of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, as well as their transmission and incorporation into the Gospels. This course is built around a study of key passages in the English Bible. Recommended prerequisite: BT501. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

NT512 (NT102SE) • Emergence of the Christian Community.
An exploration of God’s work in and through the new covenant community of the early church, especially as described in the Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline Epistles, the General Epistles, and Revelation. This course is built around a study of key passages in the English Bible. Recommended prerequisites: BT501 and NT511. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

NT531 (NT110) • Intermediate Greek Grammar/Using Greek in New Testament Exegesis.
A review of morphology, a survey of syntax, translation, and vocabulary building, and the development of exegetical skills. Prerequisite: passing of Greek qualifying exam or successful completion of NT522. Three or four hours.

NT532 (NT110SE) • Intermediate Greek Grammar/Using Greek in New Testament Exegesis.
A study of intermediate Greek grammar combined with in-depth exegesis of selected New Testament passages. Prerequisites: NT521 and NT522 (or passing the Greek qualifying examination). Four hours.

NT551 (NT111) • The Gospels (Greek).
An introduction to the reading of the individual Gospels within their first-century contexts, using the students’ knowledge of Greek. The goal of this course is to develop the student’s capacity to articulate the point of a Gospel text in the context of the completed narrative and with sensitivity to the author’s conceptual framework. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501 and NT531. St. Paul only. Four hours.

NT552 (NT112) • Acts and Pauline Letters (Greek).
The Acts of the Apostles and the Pauline letters will be surveyed, and there will be an examination of introductory issues pertaining to this literature. The focus of the course will be on Greek exegesis from selected passages of Acts and the Pauline letters. Prerequisites: BT501/BI501, NT531. St. Paul only. Four hours.

NT561 (NT111SE) • The Gospels (Greek).
An exploration of the radical nature of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, as well as their transmission and incorporation into the Gospels. This course is built around a study of key passages in the Greek text of the Gospels. Recommended prerequisites: BT501 and NT532. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

NT562 (NT112SE) • Emergence of the Christian Community (Greek).
An exploration of God’s work in and through the new covenant community of the early church, especially as described in the Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline Epistles, the General Epistles, and Revelation. This course is built around a study of key passages in the Greek text of this portion of the New Testament. Recommended prerequisites: BT501, NT532, and NT561. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

NT641 (NT114) • Greek Exegesis.
This course is focused on exegesis of the Greek text. Translation and syntactical work will be the backbone of the course, with some attention provided to text-critical, lexical, and grammatical review. Prerequisite: passing of Greek Qualifying Exam, and NT531 or equivalent. St. Paul and San Diego. Four hours.

3. Advanced Studies

NT601-604 (NT200-203) • Book Studies on the Gospels.
A concentrated study in the interpretation of one of the Gospels. The meaning of the author will be examined, as well as various critical questions relating to the study of the Gospels. Four hours.

NT605 (NT204) • Acts.
Consideration will be given to the book’s relationship to the third Gospel, authorship, date, place of writing, destination, speeches, original text, purposes, structure, and an exegesis of an English version. Four hours.

NT606-614 (NT205-213) • Book Studies on the Pauline Letters.
An in-depth analysis of one or more of the Pauline letters. The central theological themes of the letter will be explored, and there will also be an examination of introductory questions and the relevance of the letter for today’s world. Four hours.

NT615-619 (NT214-218) • Book Studies on the General Letters and Revelation.
An exegetical study of one or more of the General Letters or the book of Revelation. Attention will be devoted to introductory issues, the meaning of the book, its theological contribution, and the message for the contemporary church. Four hours.

NT631 (NT219) • Advanced Greek Grammar.
An introduction to the science of linguistics; a study of clauses and other large elements in the sentence; a survey of grammatical terms; the use of grammars, lexicons, concordances, and other tools for exegesis; and translation of selected passages from some of the more difficult books of the New Testament. Four hours.

NT702 (NT222) • The Parables of Jesus.
The meaning, authenticity, and theology of the parables, as well as the principles and praxis of interpreting parables, will be studied. Four hours.

NT643 (NT223) • Greek Readings.
Involves translating various selections from the Septuagint, New Testament, and early Christian literature. Four hours.

NT705 (NT224) • New Testament Background.
A study of the Jewish and Greco-Roman historical, religious, and literary background of the New Testament. Emphasis will be placed on primary source material. Four hours.

NT709 (NT252) • The Historical Jesus.
This course is a study of the origin and development of the three quests for the historical Jesus. The critical methodologies of each quest will be studied, along with the various portraits of Jesus proposed by the scholars of these quests. The context for the course will be the worshiping community as it encounters Jesus and the renewal of worship that flows from meeting Him.

NT750 (NT220) • Seminar in Textual Criticism.
A study of paleography, sources of information about the text (Greek manuscripts, ancient versions, and patristic quotations), history of the text, principles of evaluation of variant readings, and actual evaluation of variant readings. Four hours.

NT751 (NT221) • Seminar in the Canon of the New Testament.
A study of the reasons for the initial delay in the emergence of an NT canon and for its eventual emergence, the principles of selection, and the history of the development of the canon. The last item will be treated both chronologically and in terms of the individual books that were accepted or rejected. Four hours.

NT670 (NT270) • Independent Study in New Testament.
Research and study by arrangement with the professor.

4. Advanced Courses in Biblical Theology

BT717 (BT200) • New Testament Theology.
A detailed study of some of the themes of the New Testament from the standpoint of biblical theology. Four hours.

BT751 (BT201) • Seminar in Biblical Theology: New Testament.
Selected themes from the biblical theology of the New Testament will be examined. The course may concentrate on synoptic, Johannine, or Pauline theology. Four hours.

BT705 (BT202) • Unity of the Bible.
An attempt to discern the unity of all of Scripture using a biblical theology approach. Four hours.

BT670 (BT270) • Independent Study in Biblical Theology.
Research and study by arrangement with the professor. (Permission is required.)

Historical Studies

Chris Armstrong
Wayne Hansen
Richard Kantzer
James D. Smith III

History is the science of individuals in time. By using the tools of bibliography, students learn that the important task of church history is to ponder meanings, not just to list information; to interpret, but not to predict. A significant goal of investigating church history is assisting students to gain a sense of perspective. Without seeking to control human behavior, historical study does provide a maturity of understanding about events in the contemporary world. Interacting with the ideas, personalities, and events of the past gives Christians a wider base. This interaction does not end simply with cognitive understanding, however, for it also leads to an appreciation of God’s providence in the past and a conviction of God’s work in the present. In these ways, among others, history inflames the student’s passion for God and so helps build the groundwork both for Christian living and Christian ministry.

Objectives:
Study in church history enables students to:

acquire an orderly grasp of the church’s development as an institution from the first century to the contemporary world;
employ sound methods for interpreting the artifacts of the past;
interpret key events in the church’s struggle with persecution, success, heresy, and schism;
analyze the role of church tradition as it relates to the Bible;
explore the efforts of Christian leaders to maintain the church’s identity and mission as it engaged cultures; and
find wisdom for pursuing spiritual growth through the transforming power of God.

1. Survey of Christianity

HS501 (HS101) • Church History: From the Early Church to the Reformation.
An introduction to the major movements within Christian history from the beginnings of the church to the 16th century. Students will also be introduced to basic methodology and bibliographical tools used in the study of the past. Four hours.

HS502 (HS102) • Church History: The Church in the Modern World.
An introduction to the major movements within Christian history since the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. Students will also be involved in primary research in the field of church history. St. Paul and Seminary of the East recommended prerequisite: HS501. Four hours.

HS503 (HS103) • Church History Survey.
An introduction to the major movements within Christian history from the beginnings of the church to the present era. Basic methodology and bibliographical tools used to study the past are part of this course. Four hours.

HS601 (HS201) • History of Christian Thought: The Early Church to Scholasticism.
A survey of the major historical, cultural, and theological factors influencing the development of doctrine to Aquinas, with major analysis of the work of the Ante- and Post-Nicene councils and their subsequent influence on the articulation of the structure of theological thought. (Cognate credit with TS601.) St. Paul prerequisite: HS501. Four hours.

HS602 (HS202) • History of Christian Thought: Wycliffe to Wesley.
An analysis of theological renewal based on inductive study from the writings of Wycliffe, Hus, Luther, Calvin, the Anabaptists, Elizabethan-American Puritans, and John Wesley. (Cognate credit with TS602.) St. Paul prerequisite: HS501 or HS502. Four hours.

HS603 (HS203) • History of Christian Thought: 19th Century to the Present.
An analysis of contemporary theology as it is reflected in the formative periods of the 19th and 20th centuries, with particular reference to the modern era and its significance to contemporary church life. (Cognate credit with TS603.) St. Paul prerequisite: HS502. Four hours.

HS703 (HS204) • Christian Classics.
An evaluation of important Christian literature from Augustine’s Confessions to C. S. Lewis’ Till We Have Faces. Attention will be directed to the context of several types of classics, as well as to their authors and messages. Four hours.

HS708 (HS208) • History of World Missions.
A survey of missionary movements on the major continents with special emphasis on biographies, types of mission fields, and missionary strategy. (Cognate credit with GC708.) Four hours.

HS715 (HS206) • History of the Jews Since 70 C.E.
The course of Jewish history from the fall of the Temple to the present. Attention is given both to Jewish groups and to developments in Judaism. Particular emphasis is given to American Jewish history, the modern state of Israel, and Jewish-Christian relations. Four hours.

HS717 (HS205) • Eastern Christendom.
A study of Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine period and conversion of the Slavic lands to the centuries under Islam and the Russian Renaissance of the 20th century. Theological distinctives of orthodoxy such as theosis, icons, and liturgy will be explored. Contemporary orthodox dialogue with Roman Catholic theology and its participation in the World Council of Churches will be assessed. Four hours.

2. Medieval and Early Modern Church

HS605 (HS210) • Protestant Reformation.
A study of the varieties of Protestantism during the 16th century. The contributions of several reformers to biblical study, liturgical worship, theology, and ecclesiastical order will be investigated in detail. Prerequisite: HS502. Four hours.

HS653 (HS211) • John Calvin: International Reformer.
A seminar that portrays Calvin as seen in his letters, biblical commentaries, the Institutes, and a cross section of his theological tracts and treatises. Powerful currents of this movement, centered in Geneva, were heard in the rest of Europe, affecting its modern view of politics, science, and economics. Four hours.

HS672 (HS212) • Baptist History and Theology.
A study of special problems and approaches in Baptist history, theology, and polity with an intensive approach to contemporary problems and trends. Taught jointly by professors of church history and theology. (Cognate credit with TS672.) Four hours.

HS675 (HS254) • Creeds and Confessions of the Reformed Church.
An exploration of the theology of the Reformed Tradition through the study of nine creeds and confessions. The course will also discuss how the pressure of church heresies and conflicts, as well as national pressures, brought together some of the most important theological statements the church has produced. In addition, the course will explore the theological expressions surrounding the doctrines of the person and nature of Christ, the sacraments, election, the Bible and its interpretation, the church and the relationship of church and state. This course is one of three offered in San Diego that are required by the local Presbytery for ordination in the PCUSA. (Cognate credit with TS675.) Four hours.

HS676 (HS256) • Reformed Worship and Sacraments.
An introduction to the history, tradition, and structure of Reformed worship. The course will answer questions, give practical applications and consider the meaning and observance of the sacraments. (Cognate credit with TS676 and ML676.) Four hours.

HS677 (HS257) • Historical Development of the Episcopal Book of Common Prayer.
An introduction to the history of the Book of Common Prayer (BCP) 1979 which will afford the student study and practice of the liturgies in it as they are used in contemporary worship services across a broad spectrum of the church. The course will explore the antecedents to the current BCP and the forces of revision from which it sprang. The course will focus on the variations of standard practice with an eye to creating capable, adaptable worship leaders for the church. Consideration will also be given to the use of the BCP in languages other than English and the design of worship for communities of mixed ethnic constituencies. Four hours.

HS679 (HS259) • Episcopal Church History.
A study outlining the history, theological developments, and orgainization of the Episcopal Church in the U.S.A., and its antecedents in England and Europe. Four hours.

HS680 (HS269) • Anglican Theology and History.
A survey of the principal events and convictions that have shaped theology and practice among the Christians of Great Britain and their descendants, from the Middle Ages to the present. The course includes reading and interacting with writers from the classical, evangelical, Anglo-Catholic, and Broad Church traditions (Cognate credit with TS680.) Four hours.

3. Modern Christianity

HS671 (HS215) • Modern Catholicism: French Revolution to the Present.
An analysis of the Catholic response to the modern world of French, American, Industrial, and Communist revolutions. Particular attention will be given to Vatican I and II, as well as Catholic biblical study in the 20th century, papal leadership, and the international focus of the hierarchy. Four hours.

HS673 (HS216) • Baptist General Conference History and Mission.
A study of the various historical forces that have shaped the Baptist General Conference, including key personalities and important projects. Special attention will be given to the new role of the conference in the world as developed in the last quarter-century. Four hours.

4. American Christianity

HS610 (HS220) • American Christianity.
A historical and theological evaluation of the distinctive characteristics of American Christianity from the colonial period to the present, including revivalism, the volunteer church, expansion movements, urbanization, theological controversies, and American denominationalism. (Cognate credit with TS610.) St. Paul and San Diego. Four hours.

HS611 (HS224) • Women in Church History.
An exploration of the life, thought, and context of selected Christian women across the centuries. Issues of public values, personal identity, and group affiliations have long been important to this discussion. Since the mid-19th century, and particularly in the dramatic changes in the roles and experience of women since WWII, interpretive voices (e.g., in the literature) have notably both reflected and shaped the realities. The goal of this course is to engage the “cloud of woman-witnesses,” in their cultures, in a manner that will enlighten and inspire one’s own life. Four hours.

HS620 (HS220SE) • American Christianity.
This study of Puritanism, the Awakenings, the Enlightenment, Romantic religion, Ultraism, the Social Gospel, Fundamentalism, Neo-orthodoxy, and Radical and Secular theologies traces the roots of Evangelicalism in general. The course emphasizes understanding our heritage and how it affects contemporary American culture. Recommended prerequisites: HS501, HS502. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

HS650 (HS230) • Christian Lives in History.
This course tells the story of Christianity through the life experiences of selected men and women in their historical contexts. Utilizing several varieties of literature, these people will be valued both as insightful mentors and as unique persons in need of God’s grace and human community. Students will be invited to reflect on their own spiritual journeys and vocations. Prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

HS652 (HS227) • Christian Spiritual Life: Henri Nouwen.
A study of major themes in the thought of Henri Nouwen (1932-1996), one of the most influential Christian spiritual writers of our generation. The emphasis will be on primary sources, set in the framework of his life and development, and complemented by reflections from the instructor, who served as a teaching fellow with Nouwen during the author’s Harvard years (1983-1985). The goal is for this experience to provide critical insights and personal values that will illuminate and encourage our lives as beloved and faithful children of the Lord. (Cognate credit with SP652 and PC652.) Four hours.

HS711 (HS225) • Popular Religion in Contemporary America.
This course analyzes a variety of popular expressions of religion, both inside and outside evangelical Christianity. Popular religion here constitutes the daily life of religious experience rather than the more formal expression in seminary classrooms and in pulpits, though some popular religion is as much clergy related as it is lay-oriented. Four hours.

HS712 (HS223) • Minorities and American Christianity.
A study of African American, American Indian, and Hispanic Christianity. Examines the history of each group, their contributions to American Christianity, and the special problems each group faces. Four hours.

HS713 (HS222) • American Revivalism.
This course is designed to describe and evaluate the historical context and theological roots of the revival tradition in America. Special attention is given to the life and thought of such men as Theodore Frelinghuysen, Jonathan Edwards, Charles Finney, Dwight L. Moody, Billy Sunday, and Billy Graham. Four hours.

HS714 (HS221) • Church Renewal and Modern America.
A study of selected movements, groups, and individuals within American Christianity from the Civil War to the present. Four hours.

HS738 (HS255) • Christian Ministries in Historical Perspective.
A survey of important models in the history of Christian ministries from the first century through the present day. Students will consider selected ministry themes, illustrated by classic and contemporary sources, within a chronological framework. The goal is for these “voices” to enlighten and inspire our lives in faithful, fruitful service for Jesus Christ and the kingdom. (Cognate credit with PC738.) Four hours.

5. Research

HS670 (HS270) • Independent Study in Church History.
Research and study by arrangement with the professor. (Permission is required.)

HS790 (HS260) • Advanced Seminars.
Specialized studies will be offered for those interested in any period of church history. Four hours.

Theological Studies

Wayne Hansen
David Nah
Richard Kantzer
Kyle Roberts
Joel Lawrence
Glen Scorgie

Theology is the science of God, the discipline that seeks knowledge of God’s being and all of God’s works. Theology synthesizes and interprets Christian beliefs and applies them to today’s world. Building chiefly on biblical truth, theology also interacts with other areas of knowledge like philosophy, history, and the sciences. It integrates the book of God’s Word and the book of God’s work as it fleshes out the Christian worldview. A primary goal of study in theology is helping students develop an intelligible understanding of Christian thought that is biblically sound, rationally defensible, and culturally relevant. Engaging Christian truth begins, but never ends, with conceptual knowledge. Theology leads to wisdom.

Living in light of wisdom from God shapes and motivates a passionate love for God and growth in maturity. Biblical understanding and spiritual devotion together lay the foundation for all ministries of transforming leadership.

Objectives:
Study in theology enables students to:

acquire orderly understandings of the major doctrinal and biblical themes of the Christian worldview;
gain awareness of contemporary intellectual movements and proper Christian response;
form reasons for faith and ability to offer reasoned defenses of Christian truth;
develop the habit of interpreting all of life through the practice of theological reflection;
uncover the connections of Christian truth with the living of life and the practice of leadership in ministry; and
find guidance and motivation for pursuing personal, spiritual growth by encountering the transforming power of divine truth.

1. Systematic Theology

Systematic theology synthesizes Christian beliefs and applies them to today’s world. Building chiefly on a foundation of biblical data, it also interacts with other areas of knowledge such as philosophy, historical and contemporary theology, and the sciences, using them to illuminate and confirm essential biblical teachings. A primary goal of course work in systematic theology is to help students work toward developing an intelligible system of Christian thought that is at once biblically sound, rationally coherent, and culturally relevant. To be taken middler or senior year.

At Bethel Seminary St. Paul, all students should plan to take TS501 before taking upper-level electives in systematic theology.

TS500 (TS100) • Diversity and Pluralism.
An exploration of culture as the context of Christian life, thought, and ministry. Using cultural description along with biblical, theological, and philosophical analysis, this course examines contemporary issues including cultural diversity, spiritual identity, religious pluralism, and inter-group reconciliation. InMinistry M.A.C.T. only. Four hours.

TS501 (TS101) • Systematic Theology I.
A discussion of the nature and methods of systematic theology as it compares with other fields of thought, a study of the character of God’s self-disclosure in nature and the Bible, and an investigation of the being and works of the Triune God. Recommended prerequisite: BT501/BI501. Four hours.

TS502 (TS102) • Systematic Theology II.
An analysis of human nature both as it was created by God and as it exists in its present sinful state, and an investigation of the person of Jesus Christ and the provision of salvation through Christ’s work. Prerequisite: TS501 for St. Paul. Recommend prerequisite: TS501 for San Diego and BSOE. Four hours.

TS503 (TS103) • Systematic Theology III.
A study of the person of the Holy Spirit and the application of the gift of salvation to the individual through the Spirit’s work, as well as reflection on God’s purposes and activity in the church and in the culmination of history. Prerequisite: TS501 for St. Paul. Recommend prerequisite: TS501 for San Diego and BSOE. Four hours.

TS507 (TS107) • Systematic Theology I: God and Creation.
A study of the nature and methods of systematic theology as it compares with other fields of thought. Specifically, this course involves an exploration of the biblical doctrines of Scripture, authority, God, creation, sin, and humanity, with an emphasis on constructing an exegetically based position from which to evaluate contemporary theological positions on these doctrines. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

TS508 (TS108) • Systematic Theology II: Christ.
This course investigates the uniqueness of the person of Jesus Christ and the provision of salvation solely through His work. The redemptive significance of God the Son’s incarnate life of intimacy with God the Father and empowerment by the Holy Spirit, death on the cross, resurrection, ascension, and glorious return will be explored with help of the creedal affirmations of Nicea and Chalcedon and in conversation with contemporary cultural contexts. The class will give significant attention to personal formation in light of who Jesus is and what Jesus does. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

TS509 (TS109) • Systematic Theology III: Holy Spirit and Salvation.
A study of the person of the Holy Spirit and the application of the gift of salvation to the individual through the Spirit’s work. Specifically, the course explores the biblical doctrines of regeneration, justification, adoption, sanctification, eternal security, and glorification. Special emphasis is given to topics of current interest such as baptism in the Spirit and spiritual gifts. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

TS510 • Systematic Theology IV: Church and Future.
The Spirit’s formation, gifting, and empowerment of the church through the gospel of Jesus Christ will be the foundational elements for studying the church as Christ’s elect body, the church’s organization, function, and ordinances. Attention to the kingdom purpose of God and future events related to the destiny of history and of individuals will include Christ’s Second Coming, millennial and tribulational views, resurrection, judgment, and the eternal states of humans. Seminary of the East only. Four hours.

TS550 (TS115) • Theology and Christian Community.
Working under the supervision of a mentor, students are provided with opportunities for the integration of biblical and theological principles within the context of Christian ministry. Specific ministry activities are delineated in a learning contract after identifying each student’s specific developmental goals. (For SemPM students beginning with Mod F. Cognate credit with ML550.) Four hours.

TS551 (TS106SE) • Church, Kingdom, and Ministry Formation.
This course examines the biblical nature and gospel origins of the church with special attention to the four historic marks of the church—apostolic, one, holy, and catholic. Students will explore how Christian community and kingdom life provide context and direction for ministry formation. Two hours.

The systematic theology series (TS501, 502, and 503) is recommended before taking upper-level electives.

TS601 (TS201) • History of Christian Thought: The Early Church to Scholasticism.
A survey of the major historical, cultural, and theological factors influencing the development of doctrine to Aquinas, with major analysis of the work of the Ante- and Post-Nicene councils and their subsequent influence on the articulation of the structure of theological thought. (Cognate credit with HS601.) St. Paul prerequisite: HS501. Four hours.

TS602 (TS202) • History of Christian Thought: Wycliffe to Wesley.
An analysis of theological renewal based on an inductive study from the writings of Wycliffe, Hus, Luther, Calvin, the Anabaptists, Elizabethan-American Puritans, and John Wesley. (Cognate credit with HS602.) St. Paul prerequisite: HS501 or HS502. Four hours.

TS603 (TS203) • History of Christian Thought: 19th Century to the Present.
An analysis of the antecedents of contemporary theology as reflected in the formative periods of the 19th and 20th centuries, with particular reference to the modern era and its significance in contemporary church life. (Cognate credit with HS603.) St. Paul prerequisite: HS502. Four hours.

TS606 (TS241) • Apologetics.
A consideration of the reasons for Christian faith. This course proceeds in three phases, examining the possibility of religious knowledge, the viability of theistic perspective, and the rationale for the Christian worldview. The underlying philosophy of this course is that apologetics is dialogical—that conversations offering a rationale for faith, whether with a believer or unbeliever, happen in a context of genuine relationship. (Cognate credit with PH606.) Four hours.

TS622 (TS217) • The Doctrine of Scripture.
A study of the nature of biblical authority, including questions of revelation, inspiration, and inerrancy. Consideration of the relationships between one’s view of authority and such issues as the roles of experience and tradition, the use of critical tools of biblical interpretation, and the application of the Bible to Christian living. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS623 (TS215) • The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit.
The person and work of the Holy Spirit in the Bible and the church. Special emphasis on topics of current interest, such as the work of the Holy Spirit in the life of the Christian and the charismatic gifts. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS624 (TS216) • The Doctrine of Holiness.
A thorough study of the doctrine of holiness, beginning with the being and character of God. The course will involve a careful study of biblical, historical, and theological dimensions of sanctification, seeking to systematize these materials so as to guide the student in a personal quest for a full-orbed Christian holiness. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS672 (TS212) • Baptist History and Theology.
A study of special problems and approaches in Baptist history, theology, and polity with an intensive approach to contemporary problems and trends. Taught jointly by professors of church history and theology. (Cognate credit with HS672.) St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS674 (TS259) • Sacramental Theory and Practice.
An in-depth look at the way, why, and how of sacraments in the Anglican tradition. While the gospel sacraments, Holy Eucharist, and Baptism will receive major attention, five other sacramental rites will be discussed (confirmation, matrimony, reconciliation, unction, and ordination). St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS675 (TS254) • Creeds and Confessions of the Reformed Church.
An exploration of the theology of the Reformed tradition through the study of nine creeds and confessions. The course will also discuss how the pressure of church heresies and conflicts, as well as national pressures, brought together some of the most important theological statements the church has produced. In addition, the course will explore the theological expressions surrounding the doctrines of the person and nature of Christ, the sacraments, election, the Bible and its interpretation, the church and the relationship of church and state. This course is one of three offered in San Diego that are required by the local Presbytery for ordination in the PCUSA. (Cognate credit with HS675.) St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS676 (TS256) • Reformed Worship and Sacraments.
An introduction to the history, tradition, and structure of Reformed worship. The course will answer questions, give practical applications, and consider the meaning and observance of the sacraments. (Cognate credit with HS676 and ML676.) St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS680 (TS269) • Anglican Theology and History.
A survey of the principal events and convictions that have shaped theology and practice among the Christians of Great Britain and their descendants, from the Middle Ages until the present. The course includes reading and interacting with writers from the classical, evangelical, Anglo-Catholic, and Broad Church traditions. (Cognate credit with HS680.) St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS702 (TS232) • World Religions.
A study of world religions (including Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hispanic Catholicism) that provide structures of belief and meaning for vast numbers of people in America and globally. The goal is to develop understandings and sensitivity that will enable us to represent Christ more attractively, and communicate His gospel more intelligibly, to adherents of these faiths. (Cognate credit with GC651.) St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS721 (TS246) • Theology and Art.
A study of art as it expresses religious and philosophical themes. This course examines art from several genres in selected historical periods for the purpose of learning how art reflects great religious and theological ideas and expresses them. InMinistry M.A.C.T. only. Four hours.

TS722 (TS247) • Theology and Literature.
A study of literature as it relates to religious and philosophical themes. This course explores literature of various kinds set in different historical periods and examines how literature can serve as a vehicle for great ideas. InMinistry M.A.C.T. only. Four hours.

TS735 (TS218) • Life and Theology of Prayer.
The purpose of this course is to encourage and stimulate a growing and meaningful life of devotion. Attention will be given to the historical and biblical teaching on prayer. Personal sharing and practical experiences of prayer will provide a challenge to apply theory to life. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. (Cognate credit with SP735.) Four hours.

TS744 (TS244) • Perspectives on Evil and Suffering.
See course description under PH744.

TS793 (TS266) • Senior Seminar.
This seminar provides the opportunity for seniors to write and defend a confessional statement of their own doctrinal position within their Christian community’s tradition. Students will examine and assess their own Baptist or distinctive community’s history and polity. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501.

TS794 (TS265) • Integrative Seminar.
This course utilizes a case studies approach in integrating and applying theological truth to contemporary issues in society and ministry. Typical concerns in pastoral care, Christian education, preaching, evangelism, and pastoral ministry are discussed from biblical, theological, and historical perspectives. Students will trace theological themes across Christian doctrines and academic disciplines and will write and defend a comprehensive Statement of Faith. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. SemPM and InMinistry programs in St. Paul and San Diego. Four hours.

2. Contemporary Theology

TS605 (TS223) • Theology and Contemporary Culture.
This course explores the relation between evangelical theology and contemporary culture. Special attention is placed on the theological interpretation of “postmodernity” in its various expressions in culture, including philosophy, art, cinema, literature, and music. These expressions will be analyzed to develop appropriate apologetic engagements of postmodern culture. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

PH606 (PH241) • Apologetics.
A consideration of the reasons for Christian faith. This course proceeds in three phases, examining the possibility of religious knowledge, the viability of theistic perspective, and the rationale for the Christian worldview. The underlying philosophy of this course is that apologetics is dialogical—that conversations offering a rationale for faith, whether with a believer or unbeliever, happen in a context of genuine relationship. (Cognate credit with TS606.) Four hours.

TS610 (TS220) • American Christianity.
A historical and theological evaluation of the distinctive characteristics of American Christianity from the colonial period to the present, including revivalism, the volunteer church, expansion movements, urbanization, theological controversies, and American denominationalism. (Cognate credit with HS610.) Four hours.

TS626 (TS224) • Christological Studies Today.
Beginning with the foundational approach to a study of major Christological passages, the course will trace the Christological formulas through their historical development, with major reference to the contemporary synthesis of the doctrine as it is reflected in the writings of the leading theologians today. Major attention will be given to determining the relation between the apostolic understanding of Christology and its expression in 21st-century relevance. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS627 (TS231) • Current Issues in the Doctrine of Salvation.
This seminar will study both non-evangelical and evangelical trends and issues in soteriology. We will explore such matters as the move toward pluralism among contemporary theologians, recent expressions of universalism, annihilationism, the “second chance” offer after death, recent modifications of liberation theology, the “Lordship Salvation” controversy, and recent expressions of Arminianism. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS628 • Religious Pluralism.
This course explores the theological issue of religious pluralism from a Christian and evangelical perspective. Students explore the historical and contemporary expressions of pluralism as represented by such thinkers as John Hick, John Cobb, and Raimundo Panikkar among others. Special attention will be given to Christological questions posed by pluralism and appropriate theological and apologetic responses. Practical and constructive methodologies will be incorporated. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS661 (TS226) • C. S. Lewis.
A study of the life and writings of C. S. Lewis, with emphasis on his theological and apologetic thought. The contribution of this contemporary thinker as an interpreter of the Christian faith to the modern world is outlined. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS704 (TS239) • Movie Theology.
A structured workshop in theological evaluation of the heart and mind of contemporary culture as reflected in significant motion pictures. Particular attention is paid to portrayals of the human condition and to religious themes. The goal of the course is to cultivate the art of listening and watching perceptively, with a view to learning whenever possible, and to affirmation or criticism as appropriate. San Diego only. Four hours.

TS714 (TS237) • Nontraditional Religious Movements.
A study of selected religious systems prominent in Western culture today. This course will describe and react to Jehovah’s Witnesses, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the New Age movement, and other significant religious movements that challenge Christian thinking. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS751 (TS230) • Seminar in Contemporary Theology.
An in-depth study of a particular contemporary theological issue. Research topics to be chosen according to the interests of the class. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

3. Philosophy of Religion—Apologetics

(St. Paul campus only)

PH621 (PH240) • Doctrine of God.
This class discusses the justification for various conceptions of God and addresses important issues in contemporary theological discussion. (Cognate credit with TS621.) St. Paul only. Four hours.

PH651 (PH245) • Critical Thinking.
A learning plan for developing critical thinking skills. This includes classic critical thinking strategies along with basic work in logic including informal fallacies and basic forms of inductive and deductive logic. Prerequisite: PH606. InMinistry M.A.C.T. only. Four hours.

PH652 (PH246) • Logic and Critical Thinking.
A survey of informal logic, including informal fallacies and strategies of critical thinking, and of formal logic, embracing deductive syllogisms and some symbolic logic. The course applies these strategies to worldview concerns. Prerequisite: PH606. St. Paul only. Four hours.

PH654 (PH249) • Epistemology.
An analysis of the sources, methods, and limits of human knowing. This course covers classical views of knowledge and interacts with contemporary philosophical discussions. It raises the problem of knowledge in light of the cultural and intellectual developments broadly classified as postmodernism. It also addresses the special problems related to questions of religious knowledge. Prerequisite: PH606. St. Paul only. Four hours.

PH716 (PH247) • History of Philosophy of Religion.
A selective overview of the history of philosophy with special attention to religious ideas. This class will begin with the ancient Greeks, introduce several important medieval thinkers, highlight some significant philosophers, and end with 21st-century philosophy of religion. St. Paul only. Four hours.

PH723 (PH248) • Theology and Science.
A discussion of the interface between two important modes of knowledge: theology and science. Taking a history and philosophy of science approach, this course evaluates theology and science as two different methods for explaining aspects of reality. It discusses whether the results of science have theological import or the axioms of theology may have scientific significance. Prerequisite: PH606. (Cognate credit with TS723.) St. Paul only. Four hours.

PH744 (PH244) • Perspectives on Evil and Suffering.
This course explores two distinct approaches to suffering and evil. Theologians, philosophers, and apologists try to explain why evil exists in a world created by a good God. Pastoral theologians and counselors attempt to help people who are suffering. Participants in this course will attempt integration of the categories, resources, and responses typical of these two areas. They will seek answers to the question, “What can theologians and caregivers learn from each other?” (Cognate credit with TS744 or PC744.) Prerequisite: TS501. St. Paul only. Four hours.

PH750 (PH250) • Seminar in Philosophical Problems.
An in-depth study of a particular philosophically oriented theologian or theological issue. Research topics to be pursued according to the interest of the class. St. Paul only.
Four hours.

PH790 (PH251) • Integrative Seminar in Philosophy of Religion.
A research course that completes the Christian Thought program. In this course, each student does independent research in philosophy of religion (or a related area approved by the instructor). Each student produces a 10,000 to 12,000-word essay and presents the results of his or her work to the class for discussion. St. Paul only. Four hours.

4. Ethical Studies

TS505 (TS105) • Christian Social Ethics.
A study of the ethical dimension of Christian theology. This class begins with an analysis of theoretical ethics, terminology, approaches, and biblical bases, and then concentrates on the application of ethical theory to specific ethical issues facing Christians today. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501, TS502 and TS503. San Diego and Seminary of the East: TS501, TS502 recommended. Four hours.

TS741 (TS261) • The Ethics of War.
The issues of war, violence, and resistance to evil are examined primarily in light of biblical revelation, with attention to theology, history, and societal realities. Varieties of pacifism, just war theory, military service, and civil disobedience, among other topics, will be considered, with a view to answering the perennial question of how Christians should stand against oppression and violence. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS742 (TS262) • Sexual Ethics.
A study of human sexual character and sexual expression from the perspectives of Scripture, theology, history, and contemporary thought and practice. Focuses on prevalent misunderstandings and abuses of sexuality, as well as the goodness of sexuality as designed by our Creator, in the lives of both married and single persons. Fornication, adultery, pornography, homosexuality, solo sex, celibacy, marriage, divorce, and remarriage are some of the topics we will examine to learn how we may live godly and satisfying lives in an increasingly perverse society. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS743 (TS263) • Bioethics.
Which of the reproductive technologies, if any, are acceptable for Christians? Are all forms of euthanasia violations of God’s will? What is the Christian position on abortion, genetic engineering, cloning, living wills, medical care for the seriously ill, and the allocation of scarce medical resources? These and other issues in biology and medicine will be examined carefully from the perspectives of science and Scripture to ascertain Christian guidelines for the brave new world in which we live. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. Four hours.

TS/MF755 (TS/MF267) • Theology and M.F.T. Theory: An Integrative Seminar.
This course is an investigation of human nature and Christology from both theological and psychological perspectives. Different theories of human nature are considered in relation to a theological understanding of imago dei. The consequences of the fall on the human person and race are appraised theologically and clinically. The effect of redemption from sin through Christ is compared and contrasted to psychopathology and therapeutic effectiveness. Students will contemplate the person and example of Christ and explore ways in which they can be incarnational in practice to bring about change and healing to a hurting humanity. This course will assist M.F.T. students to write the senior M.F.T. paper. The class will be team taught by a theology professor and a marital and family therapy professor. Prerequisite: TS501. San Diego only. Four hours.

5. Research

TS670 (TS270) • Independent Study in Theology.
Research in each of the areas listed above may be pursued under independent arrangement with the professor involved. St. Paul prerequisite: TS501. (Permission is required.)

The Bethel Seminary Catalog is provided online as a convenience for those who desire course information in electronic form. The printed version of the Bethel Seminary catalog is the official version, and it will be treated as the document of record in all seminary business.